Our study is the first experiment creating an artificial sea spray effect in a greenhouse. The impact of the sea spray and additional stress reactions were quantified. Very high concentrations in HCO3− or SO42− also affected the plants' isotopic signatures. The uptake of SO42−, HCO3−, and Sr2+ directly affected plants of group 1, while plants of group 2, sprayed with salty water, additionally showed salinity stress in the case of α-cellulose and total sulfur due to biochemical reactions of the plants. The sea spray effect was visible in all isotopic systems under study. Moreover, elemental analyses were performed on the water samples. Isotope analyses were conducted on the unwashed and washed plants (δ13Ccellulose, δ18Ocellulose, δ34Stotal S, 87Sr/86Sr), soil (δ18Osulfate, δ34Ssulfate, 87Sr/86Sr), and spray as well as irrigation water (δ18Osulfate, δ34Ssulfate, 87Sr/86Sr). Control plants were only sprayed with tap water. Another group of plants was sprayed with salty water from the Schlei inlet and the Baltic Sea, respectively (group 2). To further specify this effect, beach grass was grown in a greenhouse under controlled environmental conditions and sprayed with mineral salt solution containing different mineral salts but only traces of NaCl (group 1). The sea spray effect can severely influence the isotopic signature of terrestrial individuals in coastal regions. 2 σ analytical errors are within the symbol. Comparative enamel data are taken from Toolis (2008), Montgomery et al. Isotope ratios for modern Orcadian plants (n = 21) and Lewisian plants (n = 11) are mean values taken from Table 2, Evans et al. Humans dating to the Viking Age fall mostly outside the box. The box encloses individuals with the high Sr concentrations and marinedominated Sr ratios characteristic of island/coastal/machair dwellers on the high-rainfall western and northern seaboard of Britain (Montgomery et al. Corresponding crown dentine samples from the same teeth (some linked by arrows) have higher strontium concentrations and convergent isotope ratios that define a diagenetic vector towards 0.7092–0.7100 this result is consistent with the local geology and environment. ![]() Enamel samples have low strontium concentrations (i.e., high 1/Sr values) and variable isotope ratios. ![]() Skeletons A, D, and E are from Cnip and are discussed in the text. A plot of 87 Sr/ 86 Sr against strontium concentration (1/Sr) for humans from Orkney and the Hebrides.
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